Classroom Management Essay Example

Classroom Management Paper Madeline Hunter ITIP=Instructional Theory Into Practice program attempted to translate findings in educational psychology into practical strategies that improved instruction. Helped teachers understand the need to develop clear instructional goals, state these to students, provide effective direct instruction, and monitor students progress. Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Jere Brophy Maximizing student egagement ; Four areas of knowledge and skill We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1) CM should be based on a solid understanding of current research and theory in CM and students personal and psychological needs. 2) CM depends on creating a positive classroom climate and a community of support by establishing positive teacher-student and peer relationships having positive involvement with students parents and caregivers. 3) CM involves using instructional methods that facilitate optimal learning by responding to the academic needs of individual students and the classroom group. 4) CM involves the ability to use a wide range of counseling and behavioral methods that involve students in examining and correcting their inappropriate behavior. Lee Canter Originator of Assertive Discipline method no student has a right to prevent a teacher from teaching or another student from learning Canter later stated: Imposing more and more rules and harsher consequences doesnt work. ;Discipline should be built on a foundation of moral trust and respect. George Sugai Positive  Behavior Support: â€Å"Pupil achievements behavior can be influenced (for the better or worse) by overall characteristics of school†¦.this means focus on features promoting good functioning at classroom, departmental or whole school level.† Alfie Kohn Schools will best serve students and our society most productively if they focus on producing not only good learners, but good people. Schools are ideal places to nurture childrens innate sense of caring and generosity of spirit. Rudolf Dreikurs Social Discipline model is based on the four basic premises of Adlers social theory. 1. Humans are social beings and their basic motivation is to belong 2. All behavior has a purpose 3. Humans are decision-making organisms 4. Humans only perceive reality and this perception may be mistaken or biased The four goals of misbehavior are: attention getting, the contest for power, seeking revenge, and displaying inadequacy. Dreikurs promoted the use of encouragement and logical (and natural) consequences rather than reward and punishment. William Glasser __________ body of work, known as Control Theory, was renamed Choice Theory    Choice Theory, states that a person’s behavior is inspired by what that person wants or needs at that particular time, not an outside stimulus. Glasser states that all living creatures control their behavior to fulfill their need for satisfaction in one or more of these five areas: survival, to belong and be loved by others, to have power and importance, freedom and independence, and to have fun Stanley Coopersmith In order to possess high self-esteem, individuals need to experience a sense of significance, competence, and power. Trust and personal involvement as well as a sense of accomplishment or competence if their needs are to be met. Positive two-way relationship where both parties care about each other. Erik Erikson Each stage of life is associated with a specific psychological struggle, a struggle that contributes to a major aspect of personality.   8 Stages of Psychosocial development Developmental progression—from trust to autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity—was conceived as the sequential reorganization of ego and character structures. Each phase was the potential root of later health and pathology.      David Elkind Three basic contracts between adults and children: Responsibility-freedom = adults sensitively monitoring the childs level of intellectual, social, and emotional development in order to provide freedoms and and opportunities to exercise responsibility Achievement-support = adults expecting age appropriate achievements and providing the necessary personal and material support to help children reach these goals. Loyalty-commitment = Emphasizes adults expectations that children will respond with loyalty and acceptance of adults because of the time, effort, and energy adults give. Joan Lipsitz Expert in Early Adolescence Adults fail to understand E.A. School environments need to meet the needs for: Diversity opportunities for self-exploration and self-definition meaningful participation in school and community positive social interaction with peers and adults physical activity competence and achievement structure and clear limits Gordon-Teacher Effectiveness Training The relationship between a teacher and a student is good when it has: Openness or Transparency (so each is able to risk directness and honest with the other.) Caring (when each knows they are valued by the other) Interdependence (as opposed to dependency of one on the other) Separateness (to allow each to grow and to develop his uniqueness, creativity, and individuality) Mutual Needs Meeting (so that neithers needs are met at the expense of the others needs) Glasser-Reality Therapy Reality therapy is firmly based on  choice theory  and its successful application is dependent on a strong understanding of choice theory.   Choice theory states that:  all we do is behave,  that almost all behavior is chosen, and  that we are driven by our genes to satisfy five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun. Dreikurs- dealing with the causes of misbehavior We should realize that a misbehaving child is only a discouraged child trying to find his place; he is acting on the faulty logic that his misbehaviour will give him the social acceptance which he desires. When a child is deprives of the;opportunity;to gain status through his useful;contributions, the usually seeks proof of his status in class through getting attention Attention Avoidance/Escape Control Revenge Self-Regulation/Coping Play Jim Fay- Love and Logic There are four beliefs that form the foundation of Love and Logic. They are: Discipline is effective when it is a central part of learning. Misbehavior finds its roots in discouragement and control issues. Modeling of self-disciplined behavior is our best teaching tool. The most critical component of discipline is the relationship that is built between the teacher and the student ; There are also four principles of Love and Logic as listed in Discipline with Love and Logic by Jim Fay and Foster W. Cline, M.D., 1997. They are: The students self-concept is always a prime consideration. The child is always left with a feeling that he/she has some control. An equal balance of consequences and empathy replaces punishment whenever possible. The student is required to do more thinking than the adult. Classroom Management Essay Example Classroom Management Essay The books and other reading supplies will be placed in a well lit quiet area so that the children will have peace and quiet when they are doing these activities and also be able to see what they are reading. The childrens personal belongings such as jackets and back packs will be placed in a closet for them when they enter into the classroom. So they will not be in the way when the children are walking around to avoid them tripping, and also during activity time so there is nothing to distract them from learning. The school supplies will be placed in each childs desk so they will be accessible at any time of the day. The walls and bulletin boards will be validly decorated with different types of learning guides Just In case the children need to look at them for a quick reference. The computers If there are any or other types of electronic devices the children may need help with powering on or activating will be place close by the teachers desk so the teacher can get back and forth to these items without distracting any of the other students by walking across the classroom, and so the coacher will be able to guide the children during these activities. Each item will be neatly placed so that is will be visible at all times. In motivating the students it is the teachers duty to make sure that they stay on task. It is good for the teacher to interact with the child so that they will know that they can always ask for help with the things that they dont quite understand. Also, the teacher should let them know when they are doing a good Job, and to encourage them to do better when they are not doing such a good Job. This could be accomplished by Glenn the child Incentives and always having an open communication with the children. We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sometimes by just telling the kids they are doing a good job will keep them motivated and wanting to do well. When disciplining the children taking a step by step process would probably be the best answer for a classroom of younger children. Things such as pulling strips would be effective if you have some type of key set up for the process. Using colors or number would be a great way for the kids to get a general of how the whole thing works. Such as pulling one strip is Just a warning, pulling two strips is alone time, time out, or some other type of reflection time for the children. Pulling three strips can be a call home, and four could be getting sent to the principal or higher authority and letting them deal with the problem. Another thing that would be effective Is letting them know they types of things that will absolutely not be tolerated such as fighting, profanity, and classroom disruption and letting them know that these things will have instant disciplinary action taken. I nee teaching style Tanat ten well De uses well De Dates on ten constructivist tenure. This will allow the children to interact during activities and lessons, opposed to sitting down in a controlled environment where the teacher stands in front of the class and Just talks and talks and lets them take notes. This will help the children stay alert and also keep them interested in whats going on. Using different activities such as group discussions, partner activities, games, and even crafts will help keep them wanting to do more, instead of being bored and falling asleep during instruction mime. In conclusion, when the children are giving the freedom to have learning time where they are actually part of whats going on opposed to the behaviorism theory where the teacher is in total control of the classroom and everything else that goes on in it. It seems to be more enjoyable. The children get to interact more and have some control of what going on around them while they are learning. In doing so the children are happier and want to learn more and more because they are having so much fun that they sometimes forget that they are even learning at all.

Louis Daguerre, Inventor of Daguerreotype Photography

Louis Daguerre, Inventor of Daguerreotype Photography Louis Daguerre (November 18, 1787–July 10, 1851) was the inventor of the daguerreotype, the first form of modern photography. A professional scene painter for the opera with an interest in lighting effects, Daguerre began experimenting with the effects of light upon translucent paintings in the 1820s.  He became known as one of the fathers of photography. Fast Facts: Louis Daguerre Known For: Inventor of modern photography (the daguerreotype)Also Known As: Louis-Jacques-Mandà © DaguerreBorn: November 18, 1787 in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, Val-dOise, FranceParents:  Louis  Jacques  Daguerre, Anne Antoinette HauterreDied: July 10, 1851 in Bry-sur-Marne, FranceEducation: Apprenticed to  Pierre Prà ©vost, the first French panorama painterAwards and Honors:  Appointed an officer of the  Legion of Honour; assigned an annuity in return for his photographic process.Spouse: Louise Georgina Arrow-SmithNotable Quote: The daguerreotype is not merely an instrument which serves to draw Nature; on the contrary, it is a chemical and physical process which gives her the power to reproduce herself. Early Life Louis Jacques Mandà © Daguerre was born in 1787 in the small town of Cormeilles-en-Parisis, and his family then moved to Orlà ©ans. While his parents were not wealthy, they did recognize their sons artistic talent. As a result, he was able to travel to Paris and study with the panorama painter Pierre Prà ©vost. Panoramas were vast, curved paintings intended for use in theaters. Diorama Theatres In the spring of 1821, Daguerre partnered with Charles Bouton to create a  diorama  theatre. Bouton was a more experienced painter but he eventually bowed out of the project, so Daguerre acquired sole responsibility of the diorama theatre. The first diorama theatre was built in Paris, next to Daguerres studio. The first exhibit opened in July 1822 showing two tableaux, one by Daguerre and one by Bouton. This would become a pattern. Each exhibition would typically have two tableaux, one by each artist. Also, one would be an interior depiction and the other would be a landscape. The diorama was staged in a round room 12 meters in diameter that could seat up to 350 people. The room rotated, presenting a huge translucent screen painted on both sides. The presentation used special lighting to make the screen transparent or opaque. Additional panels were added to create tableaux with effects that could include thick fog, bright sun, and other conditions. Each show lasted about 15 minutes. The stage would then be rotated to present a second, completely different show. Diorama became a popular new medium and imitators arose. Another diorama theater opened in London, taking only four months to build. It opened in September 1823. Partnership With Joseph Nià ©pce Daguerre regularly used a camera obscura as an aid to painting in perspective, which led him  to think about ways to keep the image still. In 1826 he discovered the work of Joseph Nià ©pce, who was working on a technique for stabilizing images captured with the camera obscura. In 1832, Daguerre and Nià ©pce used a photosensitive agent based on lavender oil. The process was successful: they were able to obtain stable images in under eight hours. The process was called Physautotype. Daguerreotype After Nià ©pces death, Daguerre continued his experiments with the goal of developing a more convenient and effective method of photography. A fortunate accident resulted in his discovery that mercury vapor from a broken thermometer could speed the development of a latent image from eight hours to just 30 minutes. Daguerre introduced the daguerreotype process to the public on August 19, 1839, at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Later that year, Daguerre and Nià ©pces son sold the rights for the daguerreotype to the French government and published a booklet describing the process. The Daguerreotype Process, Camera and Plates The daguerreotype is a direct-positive process, creating a highly detailed image on a sheet of copper plated with a thin coat of silver without the use of a negative. The process required great care. The silver-plated copper plate had to first be cleaned and polished until the surface looked like a mirror. Next, the plate was sensitized in a closed box over iodine until it took on a yellow-rose appearance. The plate, held in a lightproof holder, was then transferred to the camera. After exposure to light, the plate was developed over hot mercury until an image appeared. To fix the image, the plate was immersed in a solution of sodium thiosulfate or salt and then toned with gold chloride. Exposure times for the earliest daguerreotypes ranged from 3-15 minutes, making the process nearly impractical for portraiture. Modifications to the sensitization process, coupled with the improvement of photographic lenses, soon reduced the exposure time to less than a minute. Although daguerreotypes are unique images, they could be copied by re-daguerreotyping the original. Copies were also produced by lithography or engraving. Portraits based upon daguerreotypes appeared in popular periodicals and in books. James Gordon Bennett, the editor of the New York Herald, posed for his daguerreotype at Bradys studio. An engraving based on this daguerreotype later appeared in the Democratic Review. Daguerreotypes in America American photographers quickly capitalized on this new invention, which was capable of capturing a truthful likeness. Daguerreotypists in major cities invited celebrities and political figures to their studios in the hopes of obtaining a likeness for display in their windows and reception areas. They encouraged the public to visit their galleries, which were like museums, in the hope that they would desire to be photographed as well. By 1850, there were more than 70 daguerreotype studios in New York City alone. Robert Cornelius 1839 self-portrait is the earliest extant American photographic portrait. Working outdoors to take advantage of the light, Cornelius (1809-1893) stood before his camera in the yard behind his familys lamp and chandelier store in Philadelphia, hair askew and arms folded across his chest, and looked off into the distance as if trying to imagine what his portrait would look like. Cornelius and his silent partner Dr. Paul Beck Goddard opened a daguerreotype studio in Philadelphia around May 1840 and made improvements to the daguerreotype process that enabled them to make portraits in a matter of seconds, rather than the three- to 15-minute window. Cornelius operated his studio for two and a half years before returning to work for his familys thriving gas light fixture business. Death Toward the end of his life, Daguerre returned to the Paris suburb of Bry-sur-Marne and resumed painting dioramas for churches. He died in the city at age 63 on July 10, 1851. Legacy Daguerre is often described as the father of modern photography, a major contribution to contemporary culture. Considered a democratic medium, photography provided the middle class with an opportunity to attain affordable portraits. The popularity of the daguerreotype declined in the late 1850s when the ambrotype, a faster and less expensive photographic process, became available. A few contemporary photographers have revived the process. Sources â€Å"Daguerre and the Invention of Photography.†Ã‚  Nicephore Niepce House Photo Museum.Daniel, Malcolm. â€Å"Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography.† In  Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Leggat, Robert. A History of Photography  from Its Beginnings Till the 1920s.

ON THE BUS WITH ROSA PARKS RESEARCH PAPER Essay

ON THE BUS WITH ROSA PARKS RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example y cello in her high school band and visit the White House for the first time in her senior year of high school as a Presidential Scholar (â€Å"Rita Dove†, 2005). Her education included graduating summa cum laude from Miami University in Ohio, two years studying in Germany, taking a Master’s from the University of Iowa and then moving on to teach creative writing at Arizona State University. She had already gained some public recognition through magazines and anthologies before she published her first collection of poetry in 1980. Her third collection won the Pulitzer Prize in 1987. Her career has also included short stories, plays and text for orchestral music (â€Å"Rita Dove†, 2005). Although prolific in her writing, Dove says she doesn’t derive inspiration from any one thing. â€Å"If you wait for inspiration, inspiration’s going to go away and look for more fertile ground to work with† (â€Å"An Online Interview†, 1994). Asked in the same interview for advice for budding writers, Dove adds, â€Å"they can only write what they feel. That doesn’t mean they have to experience it, but to write something because someone else thinks its right, to write for PC reasons, to write because you think you ought to be dealing with this subject, is never going to yield anything that is really going to matter to anyone else.† To understand Dove’s inspirations for poems such as those found in her collection On the Bus with Rosa Parks, it is thus necessary to examine the poems themselves. On the Bus with Rosa Parks is a collection of free verse poems that are loosely connected by the characters featured and the experiences shared. The book has a logical progression. It starts with the individual Lucille as she struggles to give birth alone in her Depression-era home after having been abandoned (temporarily) by her husband Joe. As it develops, Dove increasingly brings in greater involvement with the external world as the children of Lucille and Joe increase

Social media in marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social media in marketing - Research Paper Example With the introduction of the concept of E-commerce, the outlook of business changed entirely. Now a day, maximum extent of the entrepreneurs desire to promote the features and benefits of the product lines of their brands through online sites or social media such as face-book, twitter, LinkedIn and others. By doing so, the entrepreneurs might reach a wide range of customers in a very small time span that improved its position and ranking in the entire globe. Along with this, due to the use of social media sites, the level of awareness of the customers also enhances to a significant extent that may enhance the trust and reliability of the brand in the market among other rival contenders (Macdonald, 2013). Apart from this, due to the introduction of mart phones or electronic devices such as tablets, the intensity of purchase or access of the social media sites increased. As a result, all sorts of updates regarding any product or service or brand are easily viewed by the customers. Due to which, the scope of success is extremely high in this age as compared to previous era that improved the total sale and demand of the products or brands. Thus, E-commerce or social media helped the brands or entrepreneurs to create a market presence or improve the existing position or ranking. This research paper tries to attract the attention of the viewers over the importance and role of social media in marketing. However, in order to describe this topic, the paper is divided into five sections. Social media is the way of communication platform with the help of which, an individual may easily share information or ideas through online sites like face-book, twitter, you-tube etc. It also acts as a source of engaging with a wide range of customers that may enhance the profitability and productivity of the organization. Moreover, it is a medium with the help of which, the rate of reach of the customers might be enhanced that may increase the sustainability and competitive

Can country risk analysis be quantifiedShould CRA be quantified Essay

Can country risk analysis be quantifiedShould CRA be quantified - Essay Example These samples of observations help analysts to develop a statistical function which is open to probability analysis. Most of the events which are individually investigated by country risk analysis will come down closer to doubts rather than clear statistical risks. This drives the analysts to build risk channels from judgmental or theoretical foundations and may not be probabilistic. Country risk analysis depends upon the basic principle that increasing instabilities in social, political or economic components augment the risk of a deficit in the anticipated payoff on an investment. Imbalances in a particular risk factor represent one or more risk classes. Mapping all the elements at proper level of control produces a general assessment of venture risk. The structure of mapping varies with the type of investment giving rise to an imbalance in a given factor creating different risks for different investments. Unfortunately there is no all-inclusive theory which can guide the procedure of mapping the process in a country risk analysis (Sabal J., 2002). Country risk services build their risk measures with the help of an assorted mix of socio-political or economic indicants established on the choice of standards. These standards are developed out of analysts’ knowledge, experience and judgment. The services generally merge a range of factors indicating real and possible imbalances into a complete risk assessment which applies to a wide range of investment classes. Analysts have separated country risk into 6 major categories. But many of these categories overlap each other. Although most of the risk analysts do not agree with this list; these 6 constructs can be seen in risk ratings of virtually every service as seen below. Yes, country risk has to be quantified. The quantification of a country risk will help the investors to calculate the cash flow out of their investments. Investments can be based on

Consequentialism And Deontology Will Be Critically Discussed Philosophy Essay

Consequentialism And Deontology Will Be Critically Discussed Philosophy Essay Consequentialism and deontology will be critically discussed on their impact on psychological research. The following areas will be discussed on how the ethical theories link with the BPS (British Psychological Society) guidelines. How current studies have impacted on both philosophical ideas and the BPS ethical guidelines. Additionally, it will conclude that a mixture of both theories is more morally and ethically valid. The deontological theory has impacted on psychological research as it argues that human beings are equal so act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (Kant, 1985 p. 422). This is similar to the BPS guidelines which promote ethical behaviour (BPS, 2000). For example Milgram (1963) was slated for not being ethically valid however, there were no ethical guidelines during his era (Youngpeter, 2008). Yet, this allowed him to investigate the role of obedience and how this affects a persons moral value. In addition, how the participants were going to behave and the outcome of the study was unexpected (Russell, 2009). This supports rule-consequentialists who argue that even if there were ethical guidelines in some cases breaking some rules might be beneficial overall, rather than a world where individuals decide whether some rules should be kept or not (Eggeston, 2007). The impact of the consequentialism theory would argue that current replications of obedience studies are not ethically valid because the participants might think they are harming another individual thus causing the individual stress (Burger, 2009). This suggest that the research was not maximising the good and supports the BPS code of conduct (2009) which claim that participants must be protected from physical and mental harm. However, replication studies of Milgram (1963) have found that, whilst societal attitudes and changes can affect behaviour, the result indicted that the same situational factors that affected obedience in Milgrams experiment is still present today (Burger 2009). This then outweighs the discomfort in the participants because it can explain the role of authority figures during World War 2 and the present day, thus the research was maximising the good. In addition, one important implication of Burgers (2009) replication study was that it did not violate any ethica l guidelines, as the research excluded people with a history of psychological or emotional problems (Burger, 2009, p.10). And the participants were debriefed at the end. Furthermore, the current research links with a consequentialist strength that pleasure is good and suffering is bad (Sinnott-Armstrong 2009). However, consequentialism has issues which surround the idea that if people lived by producing the best possible balance of good over bad then it would not be maximised because people would make miscalculations, allow their personal biases to interfere thus, it may distort their decisions (Shand, 2003). Furthermore, it was found that consequentialism is very demanding as individuals might have to abandon personal projects in order to maximise the good and to resolve issues (McNaughton and Rawling,1998). Similarly, deontology allows the consideration of a persons autonomy, which allows us to assign more weight to our own personal desires and values (Singer, 1993). Consequently, this will make sure we avoid wrongdoings therefore argues that actions are more important than the consequences (Singer, 1993). Kants argues that the moral worth of an action is not determined by its consequences because it is possible that someone does something out of a good intention but ends up bringing about bad consequences (Shand, 2003). Reicher and Haslam (2006) caused stress among the guards and prisoners which violated the ethical code of protection, thus bringing about bad consequences. However, the research provides insight into how social roles can trap us into behaving against what we believe is morally wrong (Reicher and Haslam 2011). This would relate back to a consequentialism idea, that it may be appalling to think of harming the one person but it must be equally appalling to think not of doing so and as a result allowing, the killing of many people (Singer, 1993). Thus maximising the good for the greatest number. Nevertheless, deontology argues that the right should not be defined in terms of the good, the goodness of the ultimate consequence does not guarantee the rightness of the actions which produced them (Fried, 1978, p.9). According to deontologists, it is obvious that the interests of the many does not count nor does it count equally and if they did then it would be obligatory to save all of them and harm the one (Singer, 1993). Furthermore, deontologists forbid harm and criticise consequentialism because it leaves no room for personal autonomy (Singer, 1993). In addition, critics of consequentialism would argue that it would lead an individual to do horrendous deeds, so long as they promise the best consequences (Singer, 1993, p.234), thus consequentialism would support the killing of innocent people however, they argue that the theory should not be judged on wild unlikely possibilities as it is not true to life (Shand, 2003). Although, it has been argued that it would allow and encourage the individual to contemplate more about bad deeds thus by doing this, individuals might not recognise the rights of others in consideration which ought to have restrained th em without thinking about the consequences itself (Singer, 1993). This relates back to the BPS codes, as psychologists can look back at the ethical guidelines when they find themselves in a tricky situation. In addition, in real life there are laws such as the Human Rights Act (1998) which should help individuals make morally right decisions. Deontological theories have impacted on psychological research, as they argue that we must not lie (McNaughton and Rawling, 1998). This supports the ethical considerations in the British Psychological Society which argue that we must not deceive participants about the nature of the experiment (BPS, 2000). Most psychological research deceive participants in order to find out what they are thinking. For example, self report measures use deception frequently in order to find out other factors that might affect the results. For example, one contemporary piece of research told the participants that the questionnaire was on memory and on drug abuse but they also looked at the number of mistakes they made on the questionnaire and gender differences (Rodgers et al, 2003). Another current study deceived hospital staff and results showed that experts misdiagnosed healthy patients (BBC, 2008). This suggests that deceiving participants is necessary because it can show the impact on labels and ho w they affect treatment given (Blass, 1991). Therefore, they were deceived in order to find out whether they were diagnosed correctly. These findings are important as it allows improvements in diagnostic criterias, therefore consequentialists point out that in practice most people do lie and we should break rules in certain circumstances (Shand, 2003). However, it has been argued that there is a risk of psychological harm to the participants and the violation of their autonomy because they are deceived about the true nature of the experiment (Bortolotti and Mameli, 2006). This relates back to a deontological idea on an individuals autonomy. Consequentialism looks at actions and deontological looks at what I ought to do however, further argument suggests that emphasis should be placed on the individual character which is a virtue ethic idea what sort of person should I be (Shand, 2003). Virtue ethics could impact on psychological research for example if Reicher and Haslam (2006) or Burger (2009) involved virtuous individuals then the results might differ in terms of, participants might not conform to groups or they might be more determined to withdraw. Furthermore, according to Annas (2007) argues that the idea that we have global character traits or virtues is empirically inadequate as it does not have a cross situational consistency. A further weakness of virtue ethics is that it does not provide individuals with enough guidance on what we should do but how we should be what would a virtuous person do (Doris, 1998). Additionally, as society develops, individuals might find it difficult to decide on what are the most im portant morals to develop or what type of actions are virtuous or not (Doris, 1998). It is argued that consequentialist theories achieve moral closure, as the individual acts rightly only when their actions maximise utility, whereas deontologists act may be acceptable without it being the best or possibly a good option (Singer, 1993). If both theories were grouped together then it is possible to look at both the type of action and consequence produced, whether if it is right or wrong, this would allow a individual to think and behave more ethically. In conclusion, consequentialism looks at the consequences whereas deontology places importance of the right action to be fundamental to ethics. Consequentialism links with the BPS guideline in explaining psychological research e.g. Burger (2009) and Reicher and Haslam (2006). However, they both maximised the good by giving an insight into social roles. Yet, deontology states that participants in research need to be treated equally. Deontological theories support the BPS ethical guideline e.g. deception, the participants should not be deceived however results will be affected if the participants knew what the research was about. By concentrating on consequences it misses out individual factors (virtue idea). Both theories will be more ethically valid if they were merged together.

Lord of the Rings :: essays research papers

In the The Lord of the Rings, by J. Tolken, there are many things that make the story symbolic of a Christian influence. The constant emphasis of good vs. evil brings forth reason to suspect that this novel has a Christian basis. In this paper I will prove and backup my personal opinion through sighting specific examples of the influences from the book. Iluvatar is similar to a Christian god and the Valar are something in the middle of Christian angels and the gods of pagan myth. The highest of the Valar was Morgoth, who led a satanic rebellion; Sauron was the lieutenant of Morgoth. The Lord of the Rings is only one chapter of that mythology; it continues the fight of good (Iluvatar) vs. evil (Morgoth). One of the people in the book that particularly stood out was Tom Bombadil. Tom says one of his purposes is to "teach the right road, and keep your feet from wandering." In the bible it says, "...your ears will hear a voice behind you, saying, this is the way; walk in it." (Is. 30:21). As the hobbits begin their journey, they fall into trouble with Old Man Willow and are rescued by Tom Bombadil, who possesses power over Nature. They don’t really understand who he is, all he will say is, â€Å"Eldest is what I am.† In Christian Philosophy the eldest are the wisest and best at making disicions it seems that Tom represtents that elderst wise man. Tom acts almost like an angel it seems, he will only help when worst comes too worst to intervene in outside affairs. This is what Tom Bombadil does in rescuing the hobbits from Old Man Willow. Another one of the big things is the black rider who is the servants of the enemy. Though all Free People oppose Sauron, the elves have been his greatest enemy, which is why the Black Rider immediately leaves when he hears the elves' voices. Elves are immortal (unless slain) In one of the scenes the Riders chase down Fro do at the Ford. As they wade their horses into the river, they are swept away in an enormous, magical flood. In the bible the story of Joshua, the waters of the river are "stacked up" in a similar manner, allowing God's people to cross into the promised land before the river resumes flood stage. And remember the deal with Moses and the Red Sea?

Bladerunner †Humanity and Nature Essay

The central theme of Bladerunner is the relationship between humanity and nature. More specifically it has a purpose in showing how science can negatively influence this fragile relationship. Set in Los Angeles of 2019 we see the decadence of western society into an inhumane harsh impersonal, technology-dominated realm. The inhabitants who fight for their daily survival are in desperate want for nature, contact with which is denied to them by the unrestricted scientific progress and the consequent exploitation of the natural world conducted for the sole purpose of profit. Humanity is also losing touch with it’s own nature. The compassion, the empathy, the love and the emotion are all rare or absent. This ailing relationship between humanity and nature is conveyed through the means of scene setting, dialogue, plot, camera techniques and other film features. All these elements of cinematography synthesise to create an effective portrayal of the unifying theme. In Bladerunner the most prominent element of cinematography is mise en scene. It generates a context for the film and therefore makes the plot and themes acceptable. To set an appropriate scene different variables need to be controlled. These variables include location, props, lighting and colour. In general the location of the plot is in the vast urban canyons of 2019 LA. The imposing dark buildings, the dirty fog, perpetual rain and the crowded dark streets devoid of vegetation make up the backdrop of most scenes. All this is filmed in dark lighting, which complements the effect produced by the fog in obscuring the living details. From this the responder acknowledges the deterioration of society, the harsh conditions that the humans are subjected to and the way the human spirit itself is progressively destroyed under such conditions. Filming such a location at night provides the director with the opportunity to use chiaroscuro (a technique of strong contrast) to further convey the dominance of technology over humanity. For example in outdoor scenes the garish flickering neons are obtrusively visible but they fail to illuminate the obscure, dark, fogged surroundings, including the multitudes of faceless people. The prominent visibility of artificial things over human presence together with the qualities of the location indicates the degradation of human life under the rule of science. The clothing worn by characters is an important choice made as part of setting the scene. Most of the street people wear hooded dark clothing covering their whole body. This is possibly to protect them from the rain but it also hides their faces and their eyes from the camera and from us, creating an impersonal atmosphere in conjunction with the harshness of the surroundings. We get a feeling that everyone hides from everyone else and human interpersonal interaction is limited to the bare necessity. Sometimes the style of clothing worn by characters tells us something about the characters themselves. For example the trenchcoat style garments worn by Deckard are a throwback to the ? 20s and ? 30s detective genre in film, and the responder instantly sees Deckard as such. There are times when the clothing worn gives us an insight into the themes of the film. When we first see meet Racheal (and we think she is a human), her outfit with geometric â€Å"power dressing† shape, the black hues and the perfect hair create an impression of power and efficiency, qualities that are valued in androids. The next time we meet her we see her in a fur coat and underneath, a soft white blouse. Then when she lets her hair down the transformation is complete. By now we know that she is a replicant and for a replicant to be so human is ironic when the ? real’ humans don’t show such qualities. This irony elucidates the deteriorated nature of humanity very effectively. The film is not only able to show the way humanity has lost contact with nature but also how much they appreciate and want it back in their society. The unicorn dream-scene conveys this effectively. The soft back lighting, the low tonal contrast, the colour and the lush vegetation create a setting that is very different to the usual scenes. It is contrasted with real world to further reinforce the lack of nature in society. The short length of the scene, and the fact that the scene is only Deckard’s dream, conveys the elusiveness of nature and shows us that humans still ? dream’ of having the presence of nature back in their world-weary lives. Another method used by the cinematographers to show the want for nature is through the presence of artificial animals. While the artificiality of the animals shows the destruction of nature the way humans still keep them as pets conveys their yearning to bring back nature. The decay of human spirit is also shown through the dialogue. In Bladerunner the scarcity of the dialogue itself potrays the lack of human interaction and consequently the lack of empathy or emotion. Characters only speak when it is necessary for their own survival and comfort but not for the sake of emotional involvement. However, the replicant slaves, who supposedly feel no emotion, interact more sensitively with each other. This irony again has the effect of showing the dehumanisation suffered by this society. The absence of nature and the way society deals with this is revealed through the way they refer to nature. For example at Tyrell’s office Decker asks Racheal if the owl is artificial, to which she replies â€Å"of course it is. † A similar conversation that occurs later between Salome (Zhora) and Decker about artificial snakes, further reinforcing the sad truth. Another common literary language feature that is used in Bladerunner is symbolism. The film is filled with visual symbolic codes. The unicorn, a mythical creature, which, according to myth, is a fragile and elusive being of beauty known for its rarity. In the film it symbolises the rarity of nature and it’s beauty and fragility. There are other symbols that signify the elusive presence of nature in human life. One is the unnaturally weak and indistinct sun. The sun is the source of all life on earth and nature’s sustaining energy. The weakened presence of the sun is possibly due to the fog but the importance lies not in the cause of the weakness. The dim sun is an indication that nature is being destroyed or is already destroyed. Another symbol is the motif of the human eye. Close to the beginning of the film we are presented with an ECU of Holden’s eye reflecting bursts of flame. The fiery human spirit. The motif carries on throughout the film, the close up of eyes during the Voigt-Kampff tests, Mr Chew’s eye shop, the glowing eyes of the owl and the gruesome death of Tyrell. In many cases we encounter human figures whose eyes are hidden. The important example is Tyrell whose eyes are hidden by the thick glasses, but this is also true for the â€Å"little people† or the street people. If the eyes symbolise the human spirit then it is also true that the concealment of the eyes represent the destruction of this spirit. The characters and the way they respond to events in the plot is the most significant way through which the creators of the film express their concerns about the relationship between humanity and nature. It is through the characters and the way they are influenced by the society in which they live that the audience are able to receive the majority of information about that society. To make up a character the director (Ridley Scott) has to synthesis the acting, the physical qualities of the actors, the costume, the lighting and the camera work. Harrison Ford plays Deckard; a Detective who is forced to put up in insensitive wall around him so as to carry out his job properly, but with the help of Racheal and Batty his soul comes through. The seriousness, the no-nonsense speech and the mechanical execution of his tasks all contribute to this image of a tough guy cop. It is also sad to see that he is forces hide his emotions and sentiments for the sake of survival in this harsh world. By the end of the film we sense that if Batty and Racheal had not saved him his spirit would have been lost under the pressure. Rutger Hauer has possibly the most appropriate natural qualities to play Roy Batty (robot? ). The ? Aryan look’, a western cultural assumption of superiority and the Swedish accent with the concise overtones which is particularly effective in a quiet voice make him the perfect super/sub-human replicant. To enhance the effect the hair is died white, his body and face is always lit up to prominence, and almost always the image is shot from underneath making him look surrealistically handsome and at the same time imposing. However the way he responds to the events in the plot show that he has more ? humanity’ in him that the people who consider themselves human. The most memorable instance is they way he moaned for the death of Pris. He is not ashamed to return to the most basic instinct of openly showing emotion. This beautiful scene along with other such human responses from a replicant serves to convey the suppression of human nature in the society. Rachael is played by Sean Young as the replicant who doesn’t know she is an android. The character’s function is similar to that of Batty. To show the deterioration of everything ? human’ in the world of 2019. Her transformation itself carries the message. When she thought she was a human her conduct was much like a robot; the emotionless soulless state of mind everyone is in. But once she begins to realise that she is replicant her appearance becomes increasingly ? human’. This humanisation is portrayed through the use of costumes, the use of varying light and the use of ECU. Tyrell is the other character who has an important function in conveying the themes. Genuinely lacking emotions or empathy, his main objective is the profit margin. He is part of the corporate dictatorship that has suppressed the spirit of the people and destroyed the natural world. His character is the total antitheses of Batty. The overconfidence in his intelligence, the impersonal way in which he addresses other characters, the opulent surrounding in which he lives show him as powerful tyrant. The irony is that he holds the status of God when he is not even fit to be a human. Thus through the development of characters and their response to the events of the plot, Ridley Scott and the actors communicate the way relationship between humanity and nature has evolved (deteriorated) into the world of 2019 LA. In effect all the techniques mentioned above portray a society of individuals who are weary of the world they live in. They are rejects who lead a pitiful existence in a wasteland called earth because they are not fit enough to go the out-world colonies. Suppressing their own natural instincts for the sake of physically surviving they really the walking dead. Scientific progress conducted not for the best interests of humanity but for the best interests of business has effectively brought about the progressive degradation of society. By exploiting and destroying the natural world human can no more find solace or beauty so as to recuperate their weary minds and rekindle their dying spirits. In summary the techniques that are unique to film such as camera, lighting, costuming, colour and location works in conjunction with common literary techniques such as visual symbolism, irony and characterisation to effectively convey the relationship between humanity and nature.

Meiji Strategy For Economic Growth Essays - Empire Of Japan

Meiji Strategy For Economic Growth Essays - Empire Of Japan Meiji Strategy for Economic Growth The Meiji government during the 1880's created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth. The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, and obedience. Japan's education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual's exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls "a kind of civil religion" with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state. In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the state and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a growing class of Japanese on how to use new western machinery, administrate government and run private industries. The Japanese education system following the Rescript on Education served primarily to teach people what to think and not how to think; and as Edwin Reischauer stated, "Japan pioneered in the modern totalitarian technique of using the educational system for indoctrination and was in fact decades ahead of countries like Germany in perfecting these techniques." Japan's education system was a tool in creating for Japan a reliable citizenry who respected the government and had the knowledge to act as "technically efficient clogs" in the new industries and administration that an industrializing state created. The ratification of the Meiji constitution drafted in the summer of 1887 and signed into law in 1889 helped create a stable constitutional order in Japan. The constitution was a gift of the emperor to the people and was made up of a complicated set of checks and balances between the emperor, his cabinet, and the Diet. The constitution although it granted voting rights to only one percent of the population in Japan was well received by the people and played a critical role in lending legitimacy to the oligarchy (Genro) who ran the government. Before the constitution the Genro had little basis in theory for their continued rule other then they spoke for the emperor. But the constitution with its elections and bicameral diet lender legitimacy to the rule of the oligarchy. The constitution also brought Japan at least in the minds of the oligarchy to parity with western political institutions. Indeed, the ruling group in Japan passed the constitution through not because of popular pressure but because they thought a constitution and parliamentary government was a necessary part of the political machinery that helped make western powers strong. In the long term the parliamentary government of Japan and its constitution provided a stable government with its mix of oligarchy, monarchy, and a little democracy for the wealthy. It ensured investors and the Zaibutsu a say in government and promoted growth by creating a stabile government that was critical to ensuring investors will put capital in businesses. Both the new education and governmental structure of Japan passed in the 1880's and 1890's was essential to Japanese stability and economic and industrial growth.

Healthy Forests essays

Healthy Forests essays The major issue threatening Arizona forests and wildlife today is managing forests to reduce fire risk. Arizona faces another "critical" fire season this summer, much the same as those the state saw last year and in 2002. This past month alone two large wildfires have sparked: the 4,311-acre "Webber" fire northeast of Pine and the 5,700-acre "Citrus" fire, northwest of Gila Bend. Unless it starts raining today and rains all spring, fire season this summer is looking to be a great threat. (Villa) Several factors feed our dry forests: drought, bark beetles and poor management. With the proper management our forests can be brought back to a healthy state and lower the risk of devastating fires. The focus of this essay will be on the factors of a healthy forest, ways to bring our forests into a healthy state and the new federal legislation that will help achieve these goals. The ponderosa pine forests of Arizona have evolved over thousands of years. Over this time, the trees have developed several adaptations which help them survive in dry and incessantly warm habitat. A once common occurrence in these forests which shaped the pine's particular ecological adaptations was wildfire. Studies indicate that the ponderosa pine forests on the southern plateau near Flagstaff, Arizona, and along the Mogollon Rim, were subjected to low-intensity ground fires perhaps every 2-12 years over historical time. However, due to fire suppression policy implemented by the United States Forest Service and other land management agencies beginning in the early 1900s, this pattern of fire drastically changed. The lack of reoccurring fire, along with widespread logging and grazing of forest lands, has led to changes in forest structure and ecology. (Moir) Today's ponderosa pine forest is often characterized by dense thickets of young pines with a thick under-story on the forest floor. When looking at census pictures from years before it is easy to s...

Classical Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Classical Mythology - Essay Example He writes: "As a guiding principle I believe that every poem must be its own sole freshly created universe, and therefore have no belief in 'tradition' or a common myth-kitty... To me the whole of the ancient world, the whole of classical and biblical mythology, means very little, and I think that using them today not only fills poems full of dead spots but dodges the poet's duty to be original." (Larkin 1983:69) Larkin has a right to his view but from what we have witnessed, literature from Renaissance till today is in awe of Greek and Roman mythological characters. And when we discuss mythology, we simply cannot ignore the role played by Homer in reinforcing myths. And one of his key epics dealing with images of classical mythology was Iliad. In this paper, we shall focus on the role of heroism in ancient world with reference to Iliad and how a modern hero borrows from ancient definition of a hero. Homer's Iliad presents the oldest yet most enduring picture of hero and heroism. Who is a hero and what constitutes heroism are questions that Iliad answers but in a manner which may not appeal to modern sensibilities. For us today, hero is a man of who is sensitive, courageous and responsible with compassion for the community. However apart from courage, no other attribute mattered for construction of a heroic figure in Greek epics of ancient times. Homer follows tradition when he creates heroe s and develops a heroic code in his work Iliad but there are occasions where the poet tried to deviate from conventional picture of a hero and from these deviations emerge a new and more reformed image of heroism. A modern day hero borrows from ancient picture of a hero in terms of enduring courage. However a serious distinction must be made here. When we talk about modern hero in this paper, we are only referring to modern mythical heroes like superman and Spiderman and not necessarily heroes in ordinary literature. This distinction is made because while in the ancient plays, heroes were people with extraordinary courage and strength, in modern literature, a protagonist is called a hero and he can be as weak or flawed as any ordinary person. Fishwick explains this difference in these words: "Different ages and cultures vary the heroic personality, but all heroes are true to their age. Whatever their situation, the motives they urge are elementary, the morality they advocate is obvious. History is not very effective without people, and people are ineffective without leaders. The search for heroes is inherent in human nature. Pre-literate societies allow men, heroes, and gods to stand on a footing of tolerable equality. In remote areas of the world men are still deified in their own lifetime. The idea of aloofness in super-human power comes late in history." (Fishwicck, 1954: 3) Homer's ideal hero may have many shades but he is invariably a traditional image of ruthless ambition and unbridled courage at least for most of the epic: "Everywhere can be found, reshaped according to shifting cultural standards, the ideal hero, chevalier sans pear et sans reproached, the crafty hero, the boaster, the grim and aging warrior, the slightly buffoonish hero, the aged king, the warrior virgin, the wise counselor, or the young reckless fighter." (Cedric H. Whitman: p. 26) Homer's heroes most notably, Achilles and Agamemnon were products of a society that weighed a man's worth in terms of public honor.

Internet and related web technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet and related web technologies - Essay Example Basically, the Internet refers to a huge network of networks in which millions of computers and devices are connected to each other via cables or some other medium. Hence, the internet is surely a huge hardware mixture of millions of business, personal and governmental devices and computers, in which all linked like highways and roads. At the present, the internet has turned out to be a significant part of people’s lives. In addition, the Internet is not the ownership of a single person and even there is not a single organization or government that runs it. However, they can pose some technical rules and hardware/software standards regarding how people plug into the Internet. As compared to the Internet, the World Wide Web is the huge collection of digital pages. In other words, this huge and significant software component of the Internet is responsible for distributing data, information and content in the form of HTML pages. In addition, these web pages and information are ac cessed and viewed by using free software known as web browsers (Gil, 2013). The DNS and Directories As discussed above, the data and information on the Internet can be accessed through web sites and these web sites use proper names, which are known as domain. In addition, on the internet each domain name is identified as IP (internet protocol) address. In view of the fact that these IP addresses are difficult to remember so they can be replaced with some of the well-known and user friendly terms such as www.google.com, on the other hand the IP address of this domain could be different in the database such as 32.34.43.23. Basically, the Domain Name System (DNS) is an Internet directory service that is used by the Internet to convert or translate user-friendly web site names into the mathematical format such as IP addresses which are used by the computers for communication over the Internet. In this scenario, a large number of systems (computers and other devices) on the Internet get together to offer this directory service. Moreover, these directories allow people to connect to computers by making use of names instead of numbers. Furthermore, DNS also allows computers and other devices to web addresses and handle email (Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2004; UCAR, 2009). Navigational Tools and Search Engines Basically, the navigational tools are software applications that are used to navigate a web site. In this scenario, there are a large number of navigational tools which allow us to access data and information from the Internet. For instance, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Google Chrome are two of the well-known navigational tools. On the other hand, a web search engine is a software system that is developed with the purpose of searching for the desired data, information (videos or any content) on the World Wide Web. In this scenario, the results that appear in response to a search query are normally provided in a line of results which are know n as search engine results pages (SERPs). In addition, the results of a search query can contain anything such as information, pictures and other types of files. Some of the well-known search engines are Google, MSN, and Yahoo (Wikipedia, 2013). Intranets and Extranets The intranet is a kind of network that can be used within an organization. This network cannot be accessed by the people outside of the